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Commissioner O of the. FDA. FDA; 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 27]. FDA Approves First Medication to Treat Severe Frostbite. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-medication-treat-severe-frostbite.
Lorentzen AK, Penninga L. Frostbite-A Case Series From Arctic Greenland. Wilderness Environ Med. 2018 Sep;29(3):392–400.
Commissioner O of the. FDA. FDA; 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 27]. FDA Approves First Medication to Treat Severe Frostbite. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-medication-treat-severe-frostbite.
Lorentzen AK, Penninga L. Frostbite-A Case Series From Arctic Greenland. Wilderness Environ Med. 2018 Sep;29(3):392–400.
Zhang Y, Song J, Huang G. Comprehensive Treatment of Single Finger Frostbite: A Case Study. J Burn Care Res Off Publ Am Burn Assoc. 2021 May 7;42(3):555–9.
McIntosh SE, Freer L, Grissom CK, Auerbach PS, Rodway GW, Cochran A, et al. Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Frostbite: 2019 Update. Wilderness Environ Med. 2019 Dec 1;30(4):S19–32.
Lorentzen AK, Penninga L. Frostbite-A Case Series From Arctic Greenland. Wilderness Environ Med. 2018 Sep;29(3):392–400.
Zhang Y, Song J, Huang G. Comprehensive Treatment of Single Finger Frostbite: A Case Study. J Burn Care Res Off Publ Am Burn Assoc. 2021 May 7;42(3):555–9.
McIntosh SE, Freer L, Grissom CK, Auerbach PS, Rodway GW, Cochran A, et al. Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Frostbite: 2019 Update. Wilderness Environ Med. 2019 Dec 1;30(4):S19–32.
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Davis A, Sinopoli B, Mann N, Stenbit AE. A Photographic Case of Frostbite Treated with Delayed Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy. High Alt Med Biol. 2022 Jun;23(2):194–7.
Coward A, Endorf FW, Nygaard RM. Revision Surgery Following Severe Frostbite Injury Compared to Similar Hand and Foot Burns. J Burn Care Res Off Publ Am Burn Assoc. 2022 Sep 1;43(5):1015–8.
Endorf FW, Nygaard RM. Social Determinants of Poor Outcomes Following Frostbite Injury: A Study of the National Inpatient Sample. J Burn Care Res Off Publ Am Burn Assoc. 2021 Nov 24;42(6):1261–5.
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Manson PN, Jesudass R, Marzella L, Bulkley GB, Im MJ, Narayan KK. Evidence for an early free radical-mediated reperfusion injury in frostbite. Free Radic Biol Med. 1991;10(1):7–11.
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McIntosh SE, Freer L, Grissom CK, Rodway GW, Giesbrecht GG, McDevitt M, et al. Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Frostbite: 2024 Update. Wilderness Environ Med. 2024 Jun;35(2):183–97.
Wibbenmeyer L, Lacey AM, Endorf FW, Logsetty S, Wagner ALL, Gibson ALF, et al. American Burn Association Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Treatment of Severe Frostbite. J Burn Care Res Off Publ Am Burn Assoc. 2023 Apr 13;irad022.
Higdon B, Youngman L, Regehr M, Chiou A. Deep Frostbite Treated With Hyperbaric Oxygen and Thrombolytic Therapies. Wounds Compend Clin Res Pract. 2015 Aug;27(8):215–23.
Davis A, Sinopoli B, Mann N, Stenbit AE. A Photographic Case of Frostbite Treated with Delayed Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy. High Alt Med Biol. 2022 Jun;23(2):194–7.
Coward A, Endorf FW, Nygaard RM. Revision Surgery Following Severe Frostbite Injury Compared to Similar Hand and Foot Burns. J Burn Care Res Off Publ Am Burn Assoc. 2022 Sep 1;43(5):1015–8.
Endorf FW, Nygaard RM. Social Determinants of Poor Outcomes Following Frostbite Injury: A Study of the National Inpatient Sample. J Burn Care Res Off Publ Am Burn Assoc. 2021 Nov 24;42(6):1261–5.
Rossis CG, Yiacoumettis AM, Elemenoglou J. Squamous cell carcinoma of the heel developing at site of previous frostbite. J R Soc Med. 1982 Sep;75(9):715–8.
Mohr WJ, Jenabzadeh K, Ahrenholz DH. Cold injury. Hand Clin. 2009 Nov;25(4):481–96.
Weatherley-White RCA, Sjostrom B, Paton BC. Experimental studies in cold injury: II. The pathogenesis of frostbite. J Surg Res. 1964 Jan 1;4(1):17–22.
Quintanilla R, Krusen FH, Essex HE. Studies on frost-bite with special reference to treatment and the effect on minute blood vessels. Am J Physiol. 1947 Apr;149(1):149–61.
Zhang Y, Song J, Huang G. Comprehensive Treatment of Single Finger Frostbite: A Case Study. J Burn Care Res Off Publ Am Burn Assoc. 2021 May 7;42(3):555–9.
Quintanilla R, Krusen FH, Essex HE. Studies on frost-bite with special reference to treatment and the effect on minute blood vessels. Am J Physiol. 1947 Apr;149(1):149–61.
Gauthier J, Morris-Janzen D, Poole A. Iloprost for the treatment of frostbite: a scoping review. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2023 Dec;82(1):2189552.
Quintanilla R, Krusen FH, Essex HE. Studies on frost-bite with special reference to treatment and the effect on minute blood vessels. Am J Physiol. 1947 Apr;149(1):149–61.
McCauley RL, Heggers JP, Robson MC. Frostbite. Methods to minimize tissue loss. Postgrad Med. 1990 Dec;88(8):67–8, 73–7.
McCauley RL, Hing DN, Robson MC, Heggers JP. Frostbite injuries: a rational approach based on the pathophysiology. J Trauma. 1983 Feb;23(2):143–7.
Heggers JP, Robson MC, Manavalen K, Weingarten MD, Carethers JM, Boertman JA, et al. Experimental and clinical observations on frostbite. Ann Emerg Med. 1987 Sep;16(9):1056–62.
McIntosh SE, Freer L, Grissom CK, Rodway GW, Giesbrecht GG, McDevitt M, et al. Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Frostbite: 2024 Update. Wilderness Environ Med. 2024 Jun;35(2):183–97.
Heggers JP, Robson MC, Manavalen K, Weingarten MD, Carethers JM, Boertman JA, et al. Experimental and clinical observations on frostbite. Ann Emerg Med. 1987 Sep;16(9):1056–62.
Manson PN, Jesudass R, Marzella L, Bulkley GB, Im MJ, Narayan KK. Evidence for an early free radical-mediated reperfusion injury in frostbite. Free Radic Biol Med. 1991;10(1):7–11.
McCauley RL, Heggers JP, Robson MC. Frostbite. Methods to minimize tissue loss. Postgrad Med. 1990 Dec;88(8):67–8, 73–7.
McCauley RL, Hing DN, Robson MC, Heggers JP. Frostbite injuries: a rational approach based on the pathophysiology. J Trauma. 1983 Feb;23(2):143–7.
Heggers JP, Robson MC, Manavalen K, Weingarten MD, Carethers JM, Boertman JA, et al. Experimental and clinical observations on frostbite. Ann Emerg Med. 1987 Sep;16(9):1056–62.
McCauley RL, Hing DN, Robson MC, Heggers JP. Frostbite injuries: a rational approach based on the pathophysiology. J Trauma. 1983 Feb;23(2):143–7.
Heggers JP, Robson MC, Manavalen K, Weingarten MD, Carethers JM, Boertman JA, et al. Experimental and clinical observations on frostbite. Ann Emerg Med. 1987 Sep;16(9):1056–62.
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Gawdi R, Cooper JS. Hyperbaric Contraindications. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 27]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557661/
Ghumman A, St Denis-Katz H, Ashton R, Wherrett C, Malic C. Treatment of Frostbite With Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: A Single Center’s Experience of 22 Cases. Wounds Compend Clin Res Pract. 2019 Dec;31(12):322–5.
Magnan MA, Gayet-Ageron A, Louge P, Champly F, Joffre T, Lovis C, et al. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy with Iloprost Improves Digit Salvage in Severe Frostbite Compared to Iloprost Alone. Med Kaunas Lith. 2021 Nov 22;57(11):1284.
Frostbite: Spectrum of Imaging Findings and Guidelines for Management | RadioGraphics [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 19]. Available from: https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/rg.2016160045
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Ibrahim AE, Goverman J, Sarhane KA, Donofrio J, Walker TG, Fagan SP. The emerging role of tissue plasminogen activator in the management of severe frostbite. J Burn Care Res Off Publ Am Burn Assoc. 2015;36(2):e62-66.
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Santapau A, Razola P, Tardin L, Andrés A, Prats E, Banzo J. The role of bone scanning in severe frostbite of the feet in a mountaineer. Rev Espanola Med Nucl E Imagen Mol. 2013 Mar;32(2):113–4.
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Frostbite: Spectrum of Imaging Findings and Guidelines for Management | RadioGraphics [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 19]. Available from: https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/rg.2016160045
Lacey AM, Fey RM, Gayken JR, Endorf FW, Schmitz KR, Punjabi GV, et al. Microangiography: An Alternative Tool for Assessing Severe Frostbite Injury. J Burn Care Res Off Publ Am Burn Assoc. 2019 Aug 14;40(5):566–9.
Raleigh SM, Samson M, Nygaard R, Endorf F, Walter J, Masters T. Bedside Fluorescence Microangiography for Frostbite Diagnosis in the Emergency Department. West J Emerg Med. 2022 Oct 23;23(6):872–7.
Poole A, Gauthier J, MacLennan M. Management of severe frostbite with iloprost, alteplase and heparin: a Yukon case series. CMAJ Open. 2021 Jun;9(2):E585–91.
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Frostbite: Spectrum of Imaging Findings and Guidelines for Management | RadioGraphics [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 19]. Available from: https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/rg.2016160045
Cauchy E, Chetaille E, Lefevre M, Kerelou E, Marsigny B. The role of bone scanning in severe frostbite of the extremities: a retrospective study of 88 cases. Eur J Nucl Med. 2000 May;27(5):497–502.
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Endorf FW, Nygaard RM. Social Determinants of Poor Outcomes Following Frostbite Injury: A Study of the National Inpatient Sample. J Burn Care Res Off Publ Am Burn Assoc. 2021 Nov 24;42(6):1261–5.
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McIntosh SE, Freer L, Grissom CK, Rodway GW, Giesbrecht GG, McDevitt M, et al. Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Frostbite: 2024 Update. Wilderness Environ Med. 2024 Jun;35(2):183–97.
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C R, Am L, Fw E, G P, A W, J G, et al. The Effects of Rapid Rewarming on Tissue Salvage in Severe Frostbite Injury. J Burn Care Res Off Publ Am Burn Assoc [Internet]. 2022 Jul 1 [cited 2024 Oct 8];43(4). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34791315/
Lacey AM, Rogers C, Endorf FW, Fey RM, Gayken JR, Schmitz KR, et al. An Institutional Protocol for the Treatment of Severe Frostbite Injury-A 6-Year Retrospective Analysis. J Burn Care Res Off Publ Am Burn Assoc. 2021 Aug 4;42(4):817–20.
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Hutchison RL, Miller HM, Michalke SK. The Use of tPA in the Treatment of Frostbite: A Systematic Review. Hand N Y N. 2019 Jan;14(1):13–8.
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Ilomedin Package Insert. Bayer HealthCare
Cauchy E, Cheguillaume B, Chetaille E. A controlled trial of a prostacyclin and rt-PA in the treatment of severe frostbite. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(2):189-90.
Poole A, Gauthier J, MacLennan M. Management of severe frostbite with iloprost, alteplase and heparin: a Yukon case series. CMAJ Open. 2021 Jun;9(2):E585–91.
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Cauchy E, Cheguillaume B, Chetaille E. A controlled trial of a prostacyclin and rt-PA in the treatment of severe frostbite. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(2):189-90.
Cauchy E, Chetaille E, Pham E, et al. Iloprost With and Without rt-PA: Treatment of 131 Cases of Severe Frostbite. 7th World Congress of Mountain and Wilderness Medicine. Telluride, Colorado. July 30 - August 4, 2016. (Abstract)
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